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Statement of the Civil Disabilities and Privations affecting Jews in England.
8vo. London: 1829.
The distinguished member of the House of Commons, who, towards the close of the
late Parliament, brought forward a proposition for the relief of the Jews, has
given notice of his intention to renew it. The force of reason, in the last
session, carried the measure through one stage in spite of the opposition of
power. Reason and power are now on the same side; and we have little doubt that
they will conjointly achieve a decisive victory. In order to contribute our
share to the success of just principles, we propose to pass in review, as
rapidly as possible, some of the arguments, or phrases claiming to be arguments,
which have been employed to vindicate a system full of absurdity and injustice.
The constitution, it is said, is essentially Christian; and therefore to admit
Jews to office is to destroy the constitution. Nor is the Jew injured by being
excluded from political power. For no man has any right to power. A man has a
right to his property; a man has a right to be protected from personal injury.
These rights the law allows to the Jew; and with these rights it would be
atrocious to interfere. But it is a mere matter of favor to admit any man to
political power; and no man can justly complain that he is shut out from it.
We cannot but admire the ingenuity of this contrivance for shifting the burden
of the proof from those to whom it properly belongs, and who would, we suspect,
find it rather cumbersome. Surely no Christian can deny that every human being
has a right to be allowed every gratification. which produces no harm to others,
and to be spared every mortification which produces no good to others. Is it not
a source of mortification to a class of men that they are excluded from
political power? If it be, they have, on Christian principles, a right to be
freed from that mortification, unless it can be shown that their exclusion is
necessary for the averting of some greater evil. The presumption is evidently in
favor of toleration. It is for the prosecutor to make out his case.
The strange argument which we are considering would prove too much even for
those who advance it. If no man has a right to political power, then neither Jew
nor Gentile has such a right. The whole foundation of government is taken away.
But if government be taken away, the property and the persons of men are
insecure; and it is acknowledged that men have a right to their property and to
personal security. If it be right that the property of men should be protected,
and if this can only be done by means of government, then it must be right that
government should exist. Now there cannot be government unless some person or
persons possess political power. Therefore it is right that some person or
persons should possess political power. That is to say, some person or persons
must have a right to political power.
It is because men are not in the habit of considering what the end of government
is, that Catholic disabilities and Jewish disabilities have been suffered to
exist so long. We hear of essentially Protestant governments and essentially
Christian governments, words which mean just as much as essentially Protestant
cookery, or essentially Christian horsemanship. Government exists for the
purpose of keeping the peace, for the purpose of compelling us to settle our
disputes by arbitration instead of settling them by blows, for the purpose of
compelling us to supply our wants by industry instead of supplying them by
rapine. This is the only operation for which the machinery of government is
peculiarly adapted, the only operation which wise governments ever propose to
themselves as their chief object. If there is any class of people who are not
interested, or who do not think themselves interested, in the security of
property and the maintenance of order, that class ought to have no share of the
powers which exist for the purpose of securing property and maintaining order.
But why a man should be less fit to exercise those powers because he wears a
beard, because he does not eat ham, because he goes to the synagogue on
Saturdays instead of going to the church on Sundays, we cannot conceive.
The points of difference between Christianity and Judaism have very much to do
with a man's fitness to be a bishop or a rabbi. But they have no more to do with
his fitness to be a magistrate, a legislator, or a minister of finance, than
with his fitness to be a cobbler. Nobody has ever thought of compelling cobblers
to make any declaration on the true faith of a Christian. Any man would rather
have his shoes mended by a heretical cobbler than by a person who had subscribed
all the thirty-nine articles, but had never handled an awl. Men act thus, not
because they are indifferent to religion, but because they do not see what
religion has to do with the mending of their shoes. Yet religion has as much to
do with the mending of shoes as with the budget and the army estimates. We have
surely had several signal proofs within the last twenty years that a very good
Christian may be a very bad Chancellor of the Exchequer.
But it would be monstrous, says the persecutors, that Jews should legislate for
a Christian community. This is a palpable misrepresentation. What is proposed
is, not that the Jews should legislate for a Christian community, but that a
legislature composed of Christians and Jews should legislate for a community
composed of Christians and Jews. On nine hundred and ninety-nine questions out
of a thousand, on all questions of police, of finance, of civil and criminal
law, of foreign policy, the Jew, as a Jew, has no interest hostile to that of
the Christian, or even to that of the Churchman. On questions relating to the
ecclesiastical establishment, the Jew and the Churchman may differ. But they
cannot differ more widely than the Catholic and the Churchman, or the
Independent and the Churchman. The principle that Churchmen ought to monopolize
the whole power of the State would at least have an intelligible meaning. The
principle that Christians ought to monopolize it has no meaning at all. For no
question connected with the ecclesiastical institutions of the country can
possibly come before Parliament, with respect to which there will not be as wide
a difference between Christians as there can be between any Christian and any
Jew.
In fact the Jews are not now excluded from political power. They possess it; and
as long as they are allowed to accumulate large fortunes, they must possess it.
The distinction which is sometimes made between civil privileges and political
power is a distinction without a difference. Privileges are power. Civil and
political are synonymous words, the one derived from the Latin, the other from
the Greek. Nor is this mere verbal quibbling. If we look for a moment at the
facts of the case, we shall see that the things are inseparable, or rather
identical.
That a Jew should be a judge in a Christian country would be most shocking. But
he may be a juryman. He may try issues of fact; and no harm is done. But if he
should be suffered to try issues of law, there is an end of the constitution. He
may sit in a box plainly dressed, and return verdicts. But that he should sit on
the bench in a black gown and white wig, and grant new trials, would be an
abomination not to be thought of among baptized people. The distinction is
certainly most philosophical.
What power in civilized society is so great as that of the creditor over the
debtor? If we take this away from the Jew, we take away from him the security of
his property. If we leave it to him, we leave to him a power more despotic by
far than that of the King and all his Cabinet.
It would be impious to let a Jew sit in Parliament. But a Jew may make money;
and money may make members of Parliament. Gatton and Old Sarum may be the
property of a Hebrew. An elector of Penryn will take ten pounds from Shylock
rather than nine pounds nineteen shillings and eleven-pence three farthings from
Antonio. To this no objection is made. That a Jew should possess the substance
of legislative power, that he should command eight votes on every division as if
he were the great Duke of Newcastle himself, is exactly as it should be. But
that he should pass the bar and sit down on those mysterious, cushions of green
leather, that he should cry "hear" and "order," and talk about being on his
legs, and being, for one, free to say this and to say that, would be a
profanation sufficient to bring ruin on the country.
That a Jew should be privy-councilor to a Christian king would be an eternal
disgrace to the nation. But the Jew may govern the money-market, and the
money-market may govern the world. The Minister may be in doubt as to his scheme
of finance till he has been closeted with the Jew. A congress of sovereigns may
be forced to summon the Jew to their assistance. The scrawl of the Jew on the
back of a piece of paper may be worth more than the royal word of three kings,
or the national faith of three new American republics. But that he should put
Right Honorable before his name would be the most frightful of national
calamities.
It was in this way that some of our politicians reasoned about the Irish
Catholics. The Catholics ought to have no political power. The sun of England is
set for ever if the Catholics exercise political power. Give the Catholics
everything else; but keep political power from them. These wise men did not see
that, when everything else had been given, political power had been given. They
continued to repeat their cuckoo song, when it was no longer a question whether
Catholics should have political power or not, when a Catholic association
bearded the Parliament, when a Catholic agitator exercised infinitely more
authority than the Lord Lieutenant.
If it is our duty as Christians to exclude the Jews from political power, it
must be our duty to treat them as our ancestors treated them, to murder them,
and banish them, and rob them. For in that way, and in that way alone, can we
really deprive them of political power. If we do not adopt this course, we may
take away the shadow, but we must leave them the substance. We may do enough to
pain and irritate them; but we shall not do enough to secure ourselves from
danger, if danger really exists. Where wealth is, there power must inevitably
be.
The English Jews, we are told, are not Englishmen. They are a separate people,
living locally in this island, but living morally and politically in communion
with their brethren who are scattered over all the world. An English Jew looks
on a Dutch or a Portuguese Jew as his countryman, and on an English Christian as
a stranger. This want of patriotic feeling, it is said, renders a Jew unfit to
exercise political functions.
The argument has in it something plausible; but a close examination shows it to
be quite unsound. Even if the alleged facts are admitted, still the Jews are not
the only people who have preferred their sect to their country. The feeling of
patriotism, when society is in a healthful state springs up, by a natural and
inevitable association, in the minds of citizens who know that they owe all
their comforts and pleasures to the bond which unites them in one community.
But, under a partial and oppressive Government, these associations cannot
acquire that strength which they have in a better state of things. Men are
compelled to seek from their party that protection which they ought to receive
from their country, and they, by a natural consequence, transfer to their party
that affection which they would otherwise have felt for their country. The
Huguenots of France called in the help of England against their Catholic kings.
The Catholics of France called in the help of Spain against a Huguenot king.
Would it be fair to infer, that at present the French Protestants would wish to
see their religion made dominant by the help of a Prussian or an English army?
Surely not, and why is it that they are not willing, as they formerly were
willing, to sacrifice the interests of their country to the interests of their
religious persuasion? The reason is obvious: they were persecuted then, and are
not persecuted now. The English Puritans, under Charles the First, prevailed on
the Scotch to invade England. Do the Protestant Dissenters of our time wish to
see the Church put down by an invasion of foreign Calvinists? If not, to what
cause are we to attribute the change? Surely to this, that the Protestant
Dissenters are far better treated now than in the seventeenth century. Some of
the most illustrious public men that England ever produced were inclined to take
refuge from the tyranny of Laud in North America. Was this because Presbyterians
and Independents are incapable of loving their country? But it is idle to
multiply instances. Nothing is so offensive to a man who knows anything of
history or of human nature as to hear those who exercise the powers of
government accuse any sect of foreign attachments. If there be any proposition
universally true in politics it is this, that foreign attachments are the fruit
of domestic misrule. It has always been the trick of bigots to make their
subjects miserable at home, and then to complain that they look for relief
abroad; to divide society, and to wonder that it is not united; to govern as if
a section of the State were the whole, and to censure the other sections of the
State for their want of patriotic spirit. If the Jews have not felt towards
England like children, it is because she has treated them like a step-mother.
There is no feeling which more certainly develops itself in the minds of men
living under tolerably good government than the feeling of patriotism. Since the
beginning of the world, there never was any nation, or any large portion of any
nation, not cruelly oppressed, which was wholly destitute of that feeling. To
make it therefore ground of accusation against a class of men, that they are not
patriotic, is the most vulgar legerdemain of sophistry. It is the logic which
the wolf employs against the lamb. It is to accuse the mouth of the stream of
poisoning the source.
If the English Jews really felt a deadly hatred to England, if the weekly prayer
of their synagogues were that all the curses denounced by Ezekiel on Tyre and
Egypt might fall on London, if, in their solemn feasts, they called down
blessings on those who should dash their children to pieces on the stones,
still, we say, their hatred to their countrymen would not be more intense than
that which sects of Christians have often borne to each other. But in fact the
feeling of the Jews is not such. It is precisely what, in the situation in which
they are placed, we should expect it to be. They are treated far better than the
French Protestants were treated in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, or
than our Puritans were treated in the time of Laud. They, therefore, have no
rancor against the Government or against their countrymen. It will not be denied
that they are far better affected to the State than the followers of Coligni or
Vane. But they are not so well treated as the dissecting sects of Christians are
now treated in England; and on this account, and, we firmly believe, on this
account alone, they have a more exclusive spirit. Till we have carried the
experiment further, we are not entitled to conclude that they cannot be made
Englishmen altogether. The statesman who treats them as aliens, and then abuses
them for not entertaining all the feelings of natives, is as unreasonable as the
tyrant who punished their fathers for not making bricks without straw.
Rulers must not be suffered thus to absolve themselves of their solemn
responsibility. It does not lie in their mouths to say that a sect is not
patriotic. It is their business to make it patriotic. History and reason clearly
indicate the means. The English Jews are, as far as we can see, precisely what
our Government has made them. They are precisely what any sect, what any class
of men, treated as they have been treated, would have been. If all the
red-haired people in Europe had, during centuries, been outraged and oppressed,
banished from this place, imprisoned in that, deprived of their money, deprived
of their teeth, convicted of the most improbable crimes on the feeblest
evidence, dragged at horses' tails, hanged, tortured, burned alive, if, when
manners became milder, they had still been subject to debasing restrictions and
exposed to vulgar insults, locked up in particular streets in some countries,
pelted and ducked by the rabble in others, excluded everywhere from magistracies
and honors, what would be the patriotism of gentlemen with red hair? And if,
under such circumstances, a proposition were made for admitting red-haired men
to office, how striking a speech might an eloquent admirer of our old
institutions deliver against so revolutionary a measure! "These men," he might
say, "scarcely consider themselves as Englishmen. They think a red-haired
Frenchman or a red-haired German more closely connected with them than a man
with brown hair born in their own parish. If a foreign sovereign patronizes red
hair, they love him better than their own native king. They are not Englishmen:
they cannot be Englishmen: nature has forbidden it: experience proves it to be
impossible. Right to political power they have none; for no man has a right to
political power. Let them enjoy personal security; let their property be under
the protection of the law. But if they ask for leave to exercise power over a
community of which they are only half members, a community the constitution of
which is essentially dark-haired, let us answer them in the words of our wise
ancestors, Nolumus leges Angliae mutari."
But, it is said, the Scriptures declare that the Jews are to be restored to
their own country; and the whole nation looks forward to that restoration. They
are, therefore, not so deeply interested as others in the prosperity of England.
It is not their home, but merely the place of their sojourn, the house of their
bondage. This argument, which first appeared in the Times newspaper, and which
has attracted a degree of attention proportioned not so much to its own
intrinsic force as to the general talent with which that journal is conducted,
belongs to a class of sophisms by which the most hateful persecutions may easily
be justified. To charge men with practical consequences which they themselves
deny is disingenuous in controversy; it is atrocious in government. The doctrine
of predestination, in the opinion of many people, tends to make those who hold
it utterly immoral. And certainly it would seem that a man who believes his
eternal destiny to be already irrevocably fixed is likely to indulge his
passions without restraint and to neglect his religious duties. If he is an heir
of wrath, his exertions must be unavailing. If he is preordained to life, they
must be superfluous. But would it be wise to punish every man who holds the
higher doctrines of Calvinism, as if he had actually committed all those crimes
which we know some Antinomians to have committed? Assuredly not. The fact
notoriously is that there are many Calvinists as moral in their conduct as any
Arminian, and many Arminians as loose as any Calvinist.
It is altogether impossible to reason from the opinions which a man professes to
his feelings and his actions; and in fact no person is ever such a fool as to
reason thus, except when he wants a pretext for persecuting his neighbors. A
Christian is commanded, under the strongest sanctions, to be just in all his
dealings. Yet to how many of the twenty-four millions of professing Christians
in these islands would any man in his senses lend a thousand pounds without
security? A man who should act, for one day, on the supposition that all the
people about him were influenced by the religion which they professed, would
find himself ruined before night; and no man ever does act on that supposition
in any of the ordinary concerns of life, in borrowing, in lending, in buying, or
in selling. But when any of our fellow-creatures are to be oppressed, the case
is different. Then we represent those motives which we know to be so feeble for
good as omnipotent for evil. Then we lay to the charge of our victims all the
vices and follies to which their doctrines, however remotely, seem to tend. We
forget that the same weakness, the same laxity, the same disposition to prefer
the present to the future, which make men worse than a good religion, make them
better than a bad one.
It was in this way that our ancestors reasoned, and that some people in our time
still reason, about the Catholics. A Papist believes himself bound to obey the
Pope. The Pope has issued a bull deposing Queen Elizabeth. Therefore every
Papist will treat her grace as an usurper. Therefore every Papist is a traitor.
Therefore every Papist ought to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. To this logic
we owe some of the most hateful laws that ever disgraced our history. Surely the
answer lies on the surface. The Church of Rome may have commanded these men to
treat the queen as an usurper. But she has commanded them to do many other
things which they have never done. She enjoins her priests to observe strict
purity. You are always taunting them with their licentiousness. She commands all
her followers to fast often, to be charitable to the poor, to take no interest
for money, to fight no duels, to see no plays. Do they obey these injunctions?
If it be the fact that very few of them strictly observe her precepts, when her
precepts are opposed to their passions and interests, may not loyalty, may not
humanity, may not the love of ease, may not the fear of death, be sufficient to
prevent them from executing those wicked orders which the Church of Rome has
issued against the sovereign of England? When we know that many of these people
do not care enough for their religion to go without beef on a Friday for it, why
should we think that they will run the risk of being racked and hanged for it?
People are now reasoning about the Jews as our fathers reasoned about the
Papists. The law which is inscribed on the walls of the synagogues prohibits
covetousness. But if we were to say that a Jew mortgagee would not foreclose
because God had commanded him not to covet his neighbor's house, everybody would
think us out of our wits. Yet it passes for an argument to say that a Jew will
take no interest in the prosperity of the country in which he lives, that he
will not care how bad its laws and police may be, how heavily it may be taxed,
how often it may be conquered and given up to spoil, because God has promised
that, by some unknown means, and at some undetermined time, perhaps ten thousand
years hence, the Jews shall migrate to Palestine. Is not this the most profound
ignorance of human nature? Do we not know that what is remote and indefinite
affects men far less than what is near and certain? The argument too applies to
Christians as strongly as to Jews. The Christian believes as well as the Jew,
that at some future period the present order of things will come to an end. Nay,
many Christians believe that the Messiah will shortly establish a kingdom on the
earth, and reign visibly over all its inhabitants. Whether this doctrine be
orthodox or not we shall not here inquire. The number of people who hold it is
very much greater than the number of Jews residing in England. Many of those who
hold it are distinguished by rank, wealth, and ability. It is preached from
pulpits, both of the Scottish and of the English Church. Noblemen and members of
Parliament have written in defense of it. Now wherein does this doctrine differ,
as far as its political tendency is concerned, from the doctrine of the Jews? If
a Jew is unfit to legislate for us because he believes that he or his remote
descendants will be removed to Palestine, can we safely open the House of
Commons to a fifth-monarchy man, who expects that before this generation shall
pass away, all the kingdoms of the earth will be swallowed up in one divine
empire?
Does a Jew engage less eagerly than a Christian in any competition which the law
leaves open to him? Is he less active and regular in his business than his
neighbors? Does he furnish his house meanly, because he is a pilgrim and
sojourner in the land? Does the expectation of being restored to the country of
his fathers make him insensible to the fluctuations of the stock-exchange? Does
he, in arranging his private affairs, ever take into the account the chance of
his migrating to Palestine? If not, why are we to suppose that feelings which
never influence his dealings as a merchant, or his dispositions as a testator,
will acquire a boundless influence over him as soon as he becomes a magistrate
or a legislator? There is another argument which we would not willingly treat
with levity, and which yet we scarcely know how to treat seriously. Scripture,
it is said, is full of terrible denunciations against the Jews. It is foretold
that they are to be wanderers. Is it then right to give them a home? It is
foretold they are to be oppressed. Can we with propriety suffer them to be
rulers? To admit them to the rights of citizens is manifestly to insult the
Divine oracles.
We allow that to falsify a prophecy inspired by Divine Wisdom would be a most
atrocious crime. It is, therefore, a happy circumstance for our frail species,
that it is a crime which no man can possibly commit. If we admit the Jews to
seats in Parliament, we shall, by so doing, prove that the prophecies in
question, whatever they may mean, do not mean that the Jews shall be excluded
from Parliament.
In fact it is already clear that the prophecies do not bear the meaning put upon
them by the respectable persons whom we are now answering. In France and in the
United States the Jews are already admitted to all the rights of citizens. A
prophecy, therefore, which should mean that the Jews would never, during the
course of their wanderings, be admitted to all the rights of citizens in the
places of their sojourn, would be a false prophecy. This, therefore, is not the
meaning of the prophecies of Scripture.
But we protest altogether against the practice of confounding prophecy with
precept, of setting up predictions which are often obscure against a morality
which is always clear. If actions are to be considered as just and good merely
because they have been predicted, what action was ever more laudable than that
crime which our bigots are now, at the end of eighteen centuries, urging us to
avenge on the Jews, that crime which made the earth shake and blotted out the
sun from heaven? The same reasoning which is now employed to vindicate the
disabilities imposed on our Hebrew countrymen will equally vindicate the kiss of
Judas and the judgment of Pilate. "The Son of man goeth, as it is written of
him; but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed." And woe to those
who, in any age, or in any country, disobey His benevolent commands under
pretence of accomplishing His predictions. If this argument justifies the laws
now existing against the Jews, it justifies equally all the cruelties which have
ever been committed against them, the sweeping edicts of banishment and
confiscation, the dungeon, the rack, and the slow fire. How can we excuse
ourselves for leaving property to people who are to "serve their enemies in
hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things"; for giving
protection to the persons of those who are to "fear day and night, and to have
none assurance of their life"; for not seizing on the children of a race whose
"sons and daughters are to be given unto another people"?
We have not so learned the doctrines of Him who commanded us to love our
neighbor as ourselves, and who, when He was called upon to explain what He meant
by a neighbor, selected as an example a heretic and an alien. Last year, we
remember, it was represented by a pious writer in the John Bull newspaper, and
by some other equally fervid Christians, as a monstrous indecency, that the
measure for the relief of the Jews should be brought forward in Passion week.
One of these humorists ironically recommended that it should be read a second
time on Good Friday. We should have had no objection; nor do we believe that the
day could be commemorated in a more worthy manner. We know of no day fitter for
terminating long hostilities, and repairing cruel wrongs, than the day on which
the religion of mercy was founded. We know of no day fitter for blotting out
from the statute-book the last traces of intolerance than the day on which the
spirit of intolerance produced the foulest of all judicial murders, the day on
which the list of the victims of intolerance, that noble list wherein Socrates
and More are enrolled, was glorified by a yet greater and holier name.
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